Penis cancer, though rare, is on the rise according to experts. Predictions suggest a 77% increase in cases by 2050. While developing countries traditionally have the highest rates of penis cancer, there is a noticeable increase in cases across most European countries. This rise can be attributed to various factors such as an ageing population, with individuals over 50 being at a higher risk for developing penis cancer.
Several risk factors contribute to the development of penis cancer, including having a narrowed foreskin, poor genital hygiene, and smoking tobacco. Interestingly, individuals who have been circumcised at birth are less likely to develop penis cancer. Squamous cells in the skin of the penis are responsible for over 90% of penis cancers, with human papillomaviruses (HPV) being identified in about half of squamous cell cancer cases.
HPV infections, which spread through skin contact, are prevalent among sexually active adults and can lead to pre-malignant changes in the skin of the penis. HPV 16, considered the most carcinogenic type of HPV, can trigger malignant changes that may result in cancerous tumors. While HPV vaccines have been successful in reducing cervical cancer rates, their impact on penis cancer rates is yet to be fully realized due to the delayed onset of cancer following HPV infection.
Diagnosing penis cancer can be challenging as patients often delay seeking medical help due to feelings of guilt or embarrassment. Additionally, doctors may misclassify lesions as benign, further delaying diagnosis. Early detection is crucial as the spread of malignant cells to the groin lymph glands significantly reduces the chances of a cure. Treatment options range from laser or micro-surgery to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with amputation being a last resort in cases where tumors do not respond well to treatment.
Exciting advancements in the field of medicine offer hope in the fight against penis cancer. Engineered T cells that target HPV-infected cells and immunotherapies like tislelizumab, which enhance immune responses to squamous cell tumors, have shown promise in treating this type of cancer. These innovative approaches provide potential alternatives to traditional treatment methods and may improve outcomes for individuals diagnosed with penis cancer.
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