Buruli ulcer, also known as Bairnsdale ulcer, has been a growing concern in Victoria, with an alarming increase in the number of cases reported each year. In 2020 alone, 363 people were diagnosed with this flesh-eating bacteria infection, marking the highest number since 2004. The threat of this debilitating disease has raised questions about its spread and transmission. However, recent research has shed light on the mystery, revealing an unlikely culprit – mosquitoes.
Scientists have long suspected that Australian native possums played a role in the spread of Buruli ulcer. The bacteria, Mycobacterium ulcerans, is carried by possums, and the mosquitoes become infected when they bite these animals. The infected mosquitoes then pass on the bacteria to humans through their bites, initiating the development of the ulcer. This breakthrough finding provides valuable insights into the transmission cycle of the disease and opens new avenues for prevention and control.
A recent study published in Nature Microbiology has provided evidence supporting the role of mosquitoes in the spread of Buruli ulcer. The research team, led by Tim Stinear, Stacey Lynch, and Peter Mee, conducted extensive surveys in a 350 km² area of Victoria. The researchers collected mosquitoes and analyzed them to determine if they were carrying the pathogen. They also investigated the links between infected possums, mosquitoes, and humans with Buruli ulcer.
Through molecular testing, the researchers identified Aedes notoscriptus, commonly known as the Australian backyard mosquito, as the primary carrier of Mycobacterium ulcerans. This species of mosquito is widespread and lays its eggs in water containers found in backyard habitats. The study found that the bacteria found on these mosquitoes matched the bacteria present in possum feces and humans with Buruli ulcer. Genetic analysis also revealed that Aedes notoscriptus fed on both possums and humans, further confirming their role in the transmission cycle.
Controlling backyard mosquitoes is crucial in reducing the risk of mosquito-borne diseases like Buruli ulcer. Simple measures can be taken to minimize mosquito breeding sites. It is essential to eliminate areas where water collects after rainfall, such as potted plant saucers, blocked gutters and drains, unscreened rainwater tanks, and plastic containers. Regular emptying or removal of these water sources is encouraged. Insecticides can also be used judiciously, particularly in water-filled containers where mosquito larvae thrive.
Recent research suggests that new mosquito-control approaches, utilizing mosquitoes to spread insecticides, may soon be available. This innovative method could revolutionize mosquito control and offer more sustainable solutions. However, it is important to balance the use of insecticides with their impact on beneficial insects and the environment. Residual insecticides applied to surfaces around the house and garden can reduce mosquito populations, but caution should be exercised.
While controlling mosquitoes is essential, personal protection measures remain the first line of defense against mosquito-borne diseases. Wearing loose-fitted long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and covered shoes can provide physical protection from mosquito bites. Applying topical insect repellent to exposed areas of skin is also recommended. Repellents containing diethyltoluamide (DEET), picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus have been proven to be safe and effective in preventing mosquito bites.
While the rise in Buruli ulcer cases is a significant health concern, it is crucial to recognize the broader issue of mosquito-borne diseases. Diseases like dengue, malaria, and Zika pose ongoing threats to public health worldwide. Understanding and addressing the spread of Buruli ulcer through mosquitoes not only contributes to controlling this specific disease but also has wider implications for mosquito-borne disease prevention strategies globally. Through continued research and collaborative efforts, we can protect communities from the burden of these diseases and improve public health.
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